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Table of contents |
Basic usage
The normal way to run an application you have compiled with Mono would be to invoke it through the Mono runtime, like this:
Mono includes two execution systems:
- one is based on an advanced code generator (with the
mono
command); and - one, older and unsupported, is based on an interpreter (the
mint
command).
With the mono JIT default, not all optimizations are turned on, since some of them can be quite time consuming. However, when using it in batch mode, it is recommended that you use the
-O=all
switch to improve the code generation, for example:The above will leave the native version of the code in `library.dll.so’. See the page on AOT for more details.
Shell Scripts
However, there are two things you can do to make it more convenient to run Mono applications. The first is to use a shell script instead of the EXE file. For example, if you had “myprogram.exe” you could create a shell script called “myprogram” that had the contents:
When you run “myprogram,” the shell will replace $@ with any arguments you provided.
If you installed mono to a different location, substitute that for /usr/bin/mono. You can check with the “which mono” command.
See also Application Deployment Layout Guidelines.
Registering .exe as non-native binaries (Linux only)
Because this is a Linux-specific feature, we do not recommend that developers deploy this solution, as it would limit the portability of their scripts.
In addition, this mechanism does not work as intended by the Application Deployment Guidelines.
You can also make a systemwide change, and use binfmt to register the exe files as non-native binaries. Then, when trying to launch an exe file, the kernel will run the mono interpreter to handle the command. Binfmt can also be used to launch Windows executables using WINE, or Java .class files using a JVM. To register exe with the kernel:
- Become root and turn on the binfmt module in your kernel with this command:
![Can i run linux apps on mac windows 10 Can i run linux apps on mac windows 10](/uploads/1/3/4/2/134201819/419847654.jpg)
In addition, you may want to add that command to your /etc/rc.local boot script, so that it will be executed on boot.
- Add the line below to your /etc/fstab file:
- Then, have your system run the following command on boot:
- Be sure to mark your .exe files as executable in the filesystem as well:
Run Linux Apps On Mac
Note that this doesn’t change your kernel, just the modules that it loads when you boot your system. In other words, you can still upgrade your kernel without worrying about losing these changes. Similarly, you can upgrade your Mono runtime without affecting any of the invocation methods listed in this section.
Bundles
mkbundle generates an executable program that will contain static copies of the assemblies listed on the command line.
By default only the assemblies specified in the command line will be included in the bundle. To automatically include all of the dependencies referenced, use the “–deps” command line option. https://pikjkwn.weebly.com/voice-recognition-app-macos.html.
For example, to create a bundle for hello world, use the following command:
The resulting executable is self contained and does not need the Mono runtime installed to run. However, if your application relies on libraries linked to by the mono runtime or Gtk#, those will need to be installed (Gtk# helper libraries come to mind).
An example with a slightly more complex application (with the same mkbundle options) which uses Gtk# and misc assemblies:
The -z option allows you to compress the assemblies included in the bundle, and reduce the disk space consumed.
The -c option will create a host.c file which contains the main function of the program, which you can modify before compiling and linking the application.
With -c, the further option –nomain will generate the host.c file without a main method so that you can embed it as a library in an existing native application in which you are embedding the Mono runtime yourself. Just call mono_mkbundle_init() before initializing the JIT to make the bundled assemblies available.
Bundles in addition support a –static flag. The –static flag causes mkbundle to generate a static executable that statically links the Mono runtime. Be advised that this option will trigger the LGPL requirement that you still distribute the independent pieces to your user so he can manually upgrade his Mono runtime if he chooses to do so. Alternatively, you can obtain a proprietary license of Mono by contacting Xamarin.
macpack (Mac OS X only)
macpack is a tool that must be used to bundle Cocoa# applications into Double-Clickable, Finder friendly, bundles on Mac OS X. It bundles static libraries and resources, as well as generates a basic info.plist into the .app bundle.
For example the following commands are used to build the CurrencyConverter.exe into an application bundle:
The resulting CurrencyConverter.app is just another Mac OS X application as far as the Finder is concerned, and can be opened from Finder, or launched from Terminal using the open -a CurrencyConverter command.
Linux users who want to run Windows applications without switching operating systems have been able to do so for years with Wine, software that lets apps designed for Windows run on Unix-like systems.
There has been no robust equivalent allowing Mac applications to run on Linux, perhaps no surprise given that Windows is far and away the world's most widely used desktop operating system. A developer from Prague named Luboš Doležel is trying to change that with 'Darling,' an emulation layer for OS X.
'The aim is to achieve binary compatible support for Darwin/OS X applications on Linux, plus provide useful tools that will aid especially in application installation,' Doležel's project page states. Darwin is Apple's open source operating system, which provides some of the backend technology in OS X and iOS. The name 'Darling' combines Darwin and Linux. Darling works by 'pars[ing] executable files for the Darwin kernel.. Run macos apps on ios. load[ing] them into the memory.. and execut[ing] them.'
But there is a ways to go. 'Darling needs to provide an ABI-compatible [application binary interface] set of libraries and frameworks as available on OS X.. by either directly mapping functions to those available on Linux, wrapping native functions to bridge the ABI incompatibility, or providing a re-implementation on top of other native APIs,' the project page notes.
Doležel, who started Darling a year ago, described the project and its progress in an e-mail interview with Ars. Darling is in the early stages, able to run numerous console applications but not much else. 'These are indeed the easiest ones to get working, albeit 'easy' is not the right word to describe the amount of work required to achieve that,' Doležel said. 'Such applications include: Midnight Commander, Bash, VIM, or Apple's GCC [GNU Compiler Collection]. I know it doesn't sound all that great, but it proves that Darling provides a solid base for further work.'
Advertisement Users must compile Darling from the source code and then 'use the 'dyld' command to run an OS X executable,' Doležel said. One roadblock is actually getting Mac .dmg and .pkg application files working on a Linux system. Because doing so isn't that straightforward, Doležel said, 'I've written a FUSE module that enables users to mount .dmg files under Linux directly and without root privileges. An installer for .pkg files is underway.'
Unix/Linux synergy
The fact that OS X is a Unix operating system provides advantages in the development process. 'This saved me a lot of work,' Doležel explained. 'Instead of implementing all the 'system' APIs, it was sufficient to create simple wrappers around the ones available on Linux. I had to check every function for ABI compatibility and then test whether my wrapper works, so it wasn't as easy as it may sound.'
Another lucky break not available to Wine developers is that Apple releases some of the low-level components of OS X as open source code, 'which helped a lot with the dynamic loader and Objective-C runtime support code,' Doležel noted.
But of course, the project is an extremely difficult one. Doležel isn't the first to try it, as Darling was initially based on a separate project called 'maloader.' Doležel said he heard from another group of people 'who started a similar project before but abandoned the idea due to lack of time.'
Doležel was actually a novice to OS X development when he started Darling, being more familiar with OS X from a user's perspective than a developer's perspective. 'I have personally looked for something like Darling before, before I realized I would have to start working on it myself,' he said.
Darling relies heavily on GNUstep, an open source implementation of Apple's Cocoa API. GNUstep provides several core frameworks to Darling, and 'the answer to 'can it run this GUI app?' heavily depends on GNUstep,' Doležel said. Doležel is the only developer of Darling, using up all his spare time on the project.
Advertisement No reverse-engineering
Doležel isn't reverse-engineering Apple code, noting that it could be problematic in terms of licensing and also that 'disassembling Apple's frameworks wouldn't be helpful at all because Darling and the environment it's running in is layered differently than OS X.'
The development process is a painstaking one, done one application at a time. Doležel explains:
To improve Darling, I first take or write an application I'd like to have running. If it is someone else's application, I first examine it with one of the tools that come with Darling to see what frameworks and APIs it requires. I look up the APIs that are missing in Apple's documentation; then I create stub functions for them and possibly for the rest of the framework, too. (Stub functions only print a warning when they are called but don't do any real work.)
The next step is to implement all the APIs according to the documentation and then see how the application reacts. I also add trace statements into important functions to have an insight into what's happening. I believe this is very much like what Wine developers do.
When things go wrong, I have to use GDB [GNU Debugger] to debug the original application.
It is rather unfortunate that Apple's documentation is often so poorly written; sometimes I have to experiment to figure out what the function really does. Many OS X applications seem to contain complete pieces of example code from Apple's documentation, presumably because one would have to spend a lot of time getting to understand how the APIs interact. This is why I appreciate open source so much—when the documentation is sketchy, you can always look into the code.
Years of development are needed. Similar to Wine, 'Having a list of applications known to be working is probably the best way to go,' Doležel said.
Darling should work on all Linux distributions, he said, with the catch that 'many apps for OS X are 32-bit only, and installing 32-bit packages on a 64-bit Linux system could be tricky depending on your distribution. I personally use Gentoo Linux, so I'm gradually creating a Portage overlay that would compile Darling and all dependencies for both 32-bit and 64-bit applications.'
Run Mac Os On Linux
![Mac Mac](/uploads/1/3/4/2/134201819/933534090.jpg)
Can I Run Linux Apps On Mac Windows 10
Doležel would like to bring Angry Birds, other games, and multimedia applications to Linux. Darling could potentially 'be used to run applications compiled for iOS,' he writes on the project site. This will also be a challenge. 'The intention is to support the ARM platform on the lowest levels (the dynamic loader and the Objective-C runtime),' he writes. 'Rewriting the frameworks used on iOS is a whole different story, though.'